English Tenses in Urdu

Structure: Subject + am/is/are + Verb+ing
Urdu: وہ پڑھ رہا ہے۔ (He is reading)
Use: Ongoing actions now or near future.
Signal words: now, at the moment, currently, today, this week.
Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + Verb+ing.
Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + subject + Verb+ing?
Example (neg): He is not reading now.
Example (int): Is he reading now?

Structure: Subject + have/has + Past Participle
Urdu: اس نے پڑھ لیا ہے۔ (She has read)
Use: Completed actions with present relevance.
Signal words: already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, recently.
Negative: Subject + have/has + not + Past Participle.
Interrogative: Have/Has + subject + Past Participle?
Example (neg): She has not read the book yet.
Example (int): Has she read the book?

Structure: Subject + have/has + been + Verb+ing
Urdu: میں دو گھنٹے سے پڑھ رہا ہوں۔ (I have been reading for 2 hours)
Use: Actions started in past, still continuing.
Signal words: for, since, all day, recently, lately.
Negative: Subject + have/has + not + been + Verb+ing.
Interrogative: Have/Has + subject + been + Verb+ing?
Example (neg): He has not been reading for an hour.
Example (int): Has he been reading for an hour?

Structure: Subject + was/were + Verb+ing
Urdu: وہ پڑھ رہا تھا۔ (He was reading)
Use: Ongoing past actions interrupted by another action.
Signal words: while, when, at that time.
Negative: Subject + was/were + not + Verb+ing.
Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + Verb+ing?
Example (neg): He was not reading at 8pm.
Example (int): Was he reading at 8pm?

Structure: Subject + had + Past Participle
Urdu: وہ جا چکا تھا۔ (He had gone)
Use: Action completed before another past action.
Signal words: already, just, never, by the time, before, after.
Negative: Subject + had not + Past Participle.
Interrogative: Had + subject + Past Participle?
Example (neg): He had not gone before I arrived.
Example (int): Had he gone before you arrived?

Structure: Subject + had + been + Verb+ing
Urdu: وہ دو گھنٹے سے پڑھ رہا تھا۔ (He had been reading for 2 hours)
Use: Duration before another past event.
Signal words: for, since, all day, before.
Negative: Subject + had not + been + Verb+ing.
Interrogative: Had + subject + been + Verb+ing?
Example (neg): He had not been reading for long.
Example (int): Had he been reading for an hour?

Structure: Subject + will + be + Verb+ing
Urdu: وہ پڑھ رہا ہوگا۔ (He will be reading)
Use: Ongoing future actions at a specific time.
Signal words: at this time tomorrow, next week, soon.
Negative: Subject + will not + be + Verb+ing.
Interrogative: Will + subject + be + Verb+ing?
Example (neg): He will not be reading at 6pm.
Example (int): Will he be reading at 6pm?

Structure: Subject + will + have + Past Participle
Urdu: وہ جا چکا ہوگا۔ (He will have gone)
Use: Completed by a future time.
Signal words: by then, by the time, before (future).
Negative: Subject + will not + have + Past Participle.
Interrogative: Will + subject + have + Past Participle?
Example (neg): He will not have finished by noon.
Example (int): Will he have finished by noon?

Structure: Subject + will + have + been + Verb+ing
Urdu: وہ دو گھنٹے سے پڑھ رہا ہوگا۔ (He will have been reading for 2 hours)
Use: Duration at a future point.
Signal words: for, by the time.
Negative: Subject + will not + have + been + Verb+ing.
Interrogative: Will + subject + have + been + Verb+ing?
Example (neg): He will not have been reading for long.
Example (int): Will he have been reading for an hour?